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units because all Bakken stratigraphic Sedimentary Research, v. 83, p. 803–824, https:// relations: The Mountain Geologist, v. 40, no. 2,
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Formation—Understanding the sequence strati-
Madison paleokarst in the southern Williston
graphic units are relatively uniform later- graphic record of low-gradient sedimentary sys- basin area: The Mountain Geologist, v. 43, no. 4,
ally, while there is great lateral lithostrati- tems, shale depositional environments, and p. 263–281.
graphic variability within the lower Virden. sea-level changes in an icehouse world: The Petty, D.M., 2017, Stratigraphic framework for ba-
3. The thickest Bakken development occurred Sedimentary Record, v. 18, no. 4, p. 4–9, https:// sin-margin, sub-unconformity diagenesis below
doi.org/10.2110/sedred.2020.4.4.
in the basin-center, while the thickest Ettensohn, F.R., and Barron, L.S., 1981, Deposi- the Acadian unconformity in the southern Wil-
liston basin: AAPG Search and Discovery Arti-
lower Virden development occurred in the tional model for the Devonian–Mississippian cle #10981, http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/
slope facies. black-shale sequence of North America: A tec- documents/2017/10981petty/ndx_petty.pdf (ac-
4. There are no mappable clinoforms within tonic-climatic approach: U.S. Department of En- cessed 21 Sept. 2017).
the Bakken; conversely, the clinoform ergy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, Petty, D.M., 2019a, An alternative interpretation for
DOE/METC/12040-2, 80 p.
geometry is the most conspicuous geomet- Grover, P.W., 1996, Stratigraphy and diagenesis of the origin of black shale in the Bakken Forma-
tion of the Williston basin: Bulletin of Canadian
ric feature of the lower Virden. the Mississippian Bakken Shale–Lodgepole Petroleum Geology, v. 67, no. 1, p. 47–70.
5. All Bakken stratigraphic units thin land- Limestone sequence, Williston basin, North Da- Petty, D.M., 2019b, Sequence stratigraphy of lower
ward, while the “false Bakken” (lower kota [Ph.D. dissertation]: College Station, Texas, Madison strata in the greater Williston basin
Virden organic-rich, basinal facies) thins Texas A&M University, 168 p. area: AAPG Search and Discovery Article #51626,
seaward. Hart, B., and Hofmann, M., 2020, The Late Devo- http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/
2019/51626petty/ndx_petty.pdf (accessed 31 Oct.
nian ice age and the giant Bakken oil field: The
6. Bakken lithostratigraphic units display Sedimentary Record, v. 18, no. 1, p. 4–9, https:// 2020).
prominent onlap, while overlying lower doi.org/10.2110/sedred.2020.1.4. Petty, D.M., 2021, Shallow-water vs. deep-water
Lodgepole stratigraphic units display Hogancamp, N.J., and Pocknall, D.T., 2018, The bio- stratigraphic geometries in the organic-rich shale/
downlap or extreme basinward thinning. stratigraphy of the Bakken Formation: A review mudstone debate [abs.]: Geological Society of
7. Bakken Formation black shales pinch-out and new data: Stratigraphy, v. 15, no. 3, p. 197– America Abstracts with Programs, v. 53, no. 6,
https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021AM-364729.
224, https://doi.org/10.29041/strat.15.3.197-224.
landward via intra-shale onlap and stratal Holland, F.D., Jr., Hayes, M.D., Thrasher, L.C., and Price, L.C., and LeFever, J., 1994, Dysfunctional-
thinning; conversely, lower Virden black Huber, T.P., 1987, Summary of the biostratigraphy ism in the Williston basin: The Bakken/mid-
mudstone thins seaward via downlap and of the Bakken Formation (Devonian and Missis- Madison petroleum system: Bulletin of Canadi-
stratal thinning. sippian) in the Williston basin, North Dakota, in an Petroleum Geology, v. 42, no. 2, p. 187–218.
Carlson, C.G., and Christopher, J.E., eds., Fifth Schieber, J., 2016, Mud re-distribution in epiconti-
International Williston Basin Symposium: Regi- nental basins—Exploring likely processes: Ma-
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS na, Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan Geological So- rine and Petroleum Geology, v. 71, p. 119–133,
The writer is grateful for helpful suggestions by ciety Special Publication Number 9, p. 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.12.014.
two anonymous reviewers and editor Jim Schmitt. Landing, E., Smith, L.B., and Pratt, B. (session advo- Skinner, O.L., Canter, K.L., Sonnenfeld, M.D., and
Special appreciation is expressed for the availability cates), 2021, Broken paradigms: Shallow-water Williams, M.R., 2015, Discovery of “Prong-
of core and well data at the North Dakota Geological deposition of organic-rich facies through Earth horn” and “Lewis and Clark” fields: Sweet-spots
Survey and on the website of the North Dakota history, Session 144 of GSA Connects 2021, within the Bakken petroleum system producing
Industrial Commission. 8 a.m.–noon, 12 Oct. 2021, Portland, Oregon, USA, from the Sanish/Pronghorn Member NOT the
https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2021AM/meetingapp middle Bakken or Three Forks [online]: Ameri-
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