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Photograph by Dan Soeder

Photograph by Dan Soeder
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4

Site or figure number
4 1. Well-pad construction
High-pressure
High-pressure 2. Drilling
3. and 4. Completion
injection 5. Natural gas production
injection
d
S an nd 6. Crude oil production
Sa
7. Plugged and abandoned well
illustrating leaking casing
8. Wastewater disposal
g u l P g u l P 9. Induced seismicity
10. Landscape disturbance
11. Potential upward transport pathway
Proppant in fracture
Proppant in fracture 12. Water supply wells
Figure 1. Schematic diagram illustrating unconventional oil and gas (UOG) development activities relevant to research on human-health and environ-
mental impacts (not to scale): well-pad construction (1); drilling (2); completion/stimulation (3, 4); production of natural gas (5) and oil (6) with well cas-
ings designed to protect drinking-water aquifers; ultimate closure (plug and abandon), illustrating legacy well with leaking casing (7); wastewater dis-
posal (8); induced seismicity (9); landscape disturbance (10); and potential for transport pathways from deep to shallow formations (11). Also represented
are water supply wells in shallow and deep aquifers (12). Photographs by Dan Soeder.

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