Page 9 - i1052-5173-28-1

estimated to range from as little as <25 m
for minor falls, to as much as ~150 m for
major falls. The average duration of the
third-order events is just over a million
years, while fourth-order events average at
~410 k.y. Much like the Cretaceous (see
Haq, 2014), the fourth-order cyclicity also
seems to be a common feature in the
Jurassic and is observable locally in sec-
tions with relatively high sedimentation
rates. This higher-order cyclicity is consid-
ered to represent the long-period orbital
eccentricity control on depositional cycles.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The causes for third-order cyclicity in
the Jurassic, in a period where there is little and two anonymous reviewers, for the detailed
direct evidence of major ice sheets, remain
unresolved (see a discussion in Haq and
Huber, 2016). A variety of solid-Earth tec-
tonic influences can affect sea-level
changes (see, e.g., Conrad, 2013; Haq,
2014). But these influences can only pro-
vide some explanations for the local, very
short time-scale changes of hundreds of
years to 100 k.y. (such as those due to iso-
static elastic and viscous responses of the
lithosphere due to ice and water loading
and unloading), or for the widespread but
much longer time-scale changes on mul-
tiple millions of years (see a discussion in
Haq, 2014, and Cloetingh and Haq, 2015).
They fail to account for changes on third-
order time scales of ~1 m.y./cycle. As an
example, dynamic topography (see, e.g.,
Gurnis, 1993; Flament et al., 2013) can
explain the reasons for the amplitude dis-
parities of sea-level falls as measured
physically along different margins, but the
time scales involved in dynamic topo-
graphic changes are several million years
and do not shed light on third-order cyclic-
ity. The conclusions reached in the earlier
synthesis of Cretaceous cyclicity (Haq,
2014; Cloetingh and Haq, 2015) that all
measures of sea-level change are eurybatic
(i.e., local or regional), and that an estimate
of eustatic amplitude of sea-level falls can-
not be inferred from any single basin or
continental margin and must be averaged
from global data, are valid for the Jurassic
as well. The current synthesis reinforces
these inferences. Jurassic sections also
display the fourth-order cyclicity of ~410
k.y. whenever the sedimentation rates are
high enough to resolve higher-resolution
cycles. This periodicity is presumed to be
driven by long-term orbital eccentricity,
and its occurrence in the Jurassic as well
as other periods supports the conclusion
that the 410-k.y. periodicity may be consid-
ered as a basic element of most sequences,
controlled largely by the long-term cli-
matic trends.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This paper is dedicated to the memory of a
fellow paleoceanographer and friend, Wolfgang
Berger, a scientist extraordinaire, who generously
shared his insights with all his colleagues. The
author extends his thanks to Mathieu Martinez
and Guillaume Dera for providing the stable iso-
topic data on European belemnites from the
Jurassic. Special thanks are due to James Ogg,
review and many suggestions that improved this
paper. Thanks are also due to Alexandre Lethiers
(University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris) for
carefully drafting the sea-level curves through
several iterations.
REFERENCES CITED
Al-Husseini, M., and Matthews, R.K., 2006,
Stratigraphic note: Orbital calibration of the
Arabian Jurassic second-order sequence stratig-
raphy: GeoArabia, v. 11, no. 3, p. 161–170.
Brigaud, B., Puceat, E., Pellenard, P., Vincent, B.,
and Joachimski, M.M., 2008, Climatic fluctua-
tions and seasonality during Late Jurassic in-
ferred from δ18O of Paris Basin oyster shells:
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 273,
p. 58–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008
.06.015.
Cloetingh, S., and Haq, B.U., 2015, Inherited land-
scapes and sea level change: Science, v. 347,
no. 6220, 1258375, https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1258375.
Colombié, C., and Rameil, N., 2007, Tethyan-to-
boreal correlation in the Kimmeridgian using
high-resolution sequence stratigraphy (Vocontian
Basin, Swiss Jura, Boulonnais, Dorset)
[Geologische Rundschau]: International Journal
of Earth Sciences, v. 96, p. 567–591, https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00531-006-0117-3.
Conrad, C.P., 2013, The solid Earth’s influence on
sea level: Geological Society of America Bulletin, Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J., and Vail, P.R., 1987, The
v. 125, p. 1027–1052, https://doi.org/10.1130/
B30764.1.
Dera, G., Pucéat, E., Pellenard, P., Neige, P.,
Delsate, D., Joachimski, M.M., and Martinez,
M., 2009, Water mass exchange and variations in
seawater temperature in the NW Tethys during
the Early Jurassic: Evidence from neodymium
and oxygen isotopes of fish teeth and belemnites:
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 286,
no. 1–2, p. 198–207, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.epsl.2009.06.027.
Dromart, G., Garcia, J.P., Picard, S., Atorps, F.,
Lecuyer, C., and Sheppard, S.M.F., 2003, Ice age
at the Middle-Late Jurassic transition: Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, v. 213, p. 205–
220, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)
00287-5.
Flament, N., Gurnis, M., and Dietmar Mueller, R.,
2013, A review of observations and models of
dynamic topography: Lithosphere, v. 5, p. 189–
210, https://doi.org/10.1130/L245.1.
www.geosociety.org/gsatoday
Frakes, L.A., Francis, J.E., and Syktus, J.I., 1992,
Climate modes of the Phanerozoic: The history
of the Earth’s climate over the past 600 million
years: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,
274 p., https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511-
628948.
Gurnis, M., 1993, Phanerozoic marine inundation
of continents driven by dynamic topography
above subducting slabs: Nature, v. 364, p. 589–
593, https://doi.org/10.1038/364589a0.
Gygi, R.A., Coe, A.L., and Vail, P.R., 1998,
Sequence stratigraphy of the Oxfordian and
Kimmeridgian stages (Late Jurassic) in northern
Switzerland, in De Graciansky, P.-C., Hardenbol,
J., Jacquin, T., and Vail, P.R. eds., Mesozoic and
Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European
Basins: Tulsa, Oklahoma, SEPM Special
Publication 60, p. 3–29.
Hallam, A., 1978, Eustatic cycles in the Jurassic:
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeo­
ecology, v. 23, p. 1–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/
0031-0182(78)90079-2.
Hallam, A., 2001, A review of the broad pattern of
Jurassic sea-level changes and their possible
causes in the light of current knowledge:
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology, v. 167, no. 1–2, p. 23–37, https://
doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00229-7.
Haq, B.U., 2014, Cretaceous eustasy revisited:
Global and Planetary Change, v. 113, p. 44–58,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.12.007.
Haq, B.U., and Al-Qahtani, A.M., 2005,
Phanerozoic cycles of sea-level change on the
Arabian Platform: GeoArabia, v. 10, no. 2,
p. 127–160.
Haq, B.U., and Huber, B.T., 2016, Anatomy of
a eustatic event during the Turonian (Late
Cretaceous) hot greenhouse climate: Science
China, Earth Sciences, v. 60, p. 20–29,
doi:10.1007/s11430-016-0166-y.
Haq, B.U., and Schutter, S.R., 2008, A chronology
of Paleozoic sea-level changes: Science, v. 322,
no. 5898, p. 64–68, https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1161648.
chronology of fluctuating sea level since the
Triassic: Science, v. 235, p. 1156–1167, https://
doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4793.1156.
Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J., and Vail, P.R., 1988,
Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and
cycles of sea-level change: Society of Economic
Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special
Publication, v. 42, p. 71–108.
Hardenbol, J., Thierry, J., Farley, M.B., Jacquin, T.,
De Graciansky, P.C., and Vail, P.R., 1998,
Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequence chronostrati-
graphic framework of European basins: Society
of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists
Special Publication 60, p. 3–13 (Chart 6 Jurassic
Chronostratigraphy).
Herbin, J.P., Fernandez-Martinez, J.L., Geyssant,
J.R., Albani, A.E., Deconinck, J.F., Proust, J.N.,
Colbeaux, J.P., and Vidier, J.P., 1995, Sequence
stratigraphy of source rocks applied to the study
of the Kimmeridgian/Tithonian in the north-west
European shelf (Dorset/UK, Yorkshire/UK and
Boulonnais/France): Marine and Petroleum
Geology, v. 12, no. 2, p. 177–194, https://doi
.org/10.1016/0264-8172(95)92838-N.
Hesselbo, S.P., 2008, Sequence stratigraphy and
inferred relative sea-level change from the
9